Description

Hello again guys!

Last time I showed how to create my large scale flying saucer, The Spruce Zeus (https://www.reddit.com/r/ufo/comments/krqc9e/my_ufo_propulsion_theory…). Today we're going to be focusing strictly on a smaller scale version, The Spruce Truce, and how we can optimize it to the best of our ability.

Warning: The contents of this experiment are extremely dangerous and should not be conducted without proper supervision. High voltage electricity can cause serious harm such as burns, organ failure, or even death. So don't try this at home.

I'm going to simplify my vocabulary for those of you who don't understand science in general, so we can bring everyone together on the same page.

Although I will be focusing on trying to make it more understandable, I am also going to be explaining things in further detail to encompass the entire mechanism, diving straight into the heart of the craft.

Let's first begin to establish the origin of this technology, because its claims have been mixed and mangled over the years.

It was first noted by Michael Faraday in 1832, calling the effect "magneto-electric induction" and tried to experiment with the idea, but the current was too small to measure with the equipment at the time.



Michael Faraday (https://preview.redd.it/mnpmnto43jh61.jpg?width=800&format=pjpg&auto=…)

In the 1920s Thomas Townsend Brown rediscovered it and named it the Biefeld-Brown Effect (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biefeld%E2%80%93Brown_effect), otherwise known as Electrogravitics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrogravitics), using a small positive electrode and a large negative electrode (asymmetrical capacitor) to pass a cone-like current externally around a metal saucer conductive body, ionizing the air around it into a thrust and propelling itself upward. But his research was largely ignored by the public eye due to his premature claims of "antigravity" effects.



Thomas Townsend Brown (https://preview.redd.it/rlbgehgb3jh61.jpg?width=549&format=pjpg&auto=…)

Later in 1942, it was reinitiated by Hannes Alfvén, immortalizing the effects that span in the range of plasma physics into what we now call Magnetohydrodynamics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics). Alfvén's interpretation of the Biefeld-Brown Effect is known as Electrohydrodynamics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydrodynamics), to what we now call Ion-Propelled Aircraft (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-propelled_aircraft).



Hannes Alfvén (https://preview.redd.it/rjmsxbog3jh61.jpg?width=608&format=pjpg&auto=…)

In the early 1990s, a full-scale aquatic vehicle was created by Mitsubishi using a Magnetohydrodynamic Drive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_drive), known as the Yamato-1. Unfortunately, due to its large scale and expensive operation to function and without much delivery in speed, it was quickly ignored.

Yamato-1 (https://preview.redd.it/7y30c40r3jh61.jpg?width=1024&format=pjpg&auto…)

However, it is widely known in the aeronautics community that the classified B-2 Stealth Bomber used it as its main source of air propulsion very successfully.

Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit (https://preview.redd.it/zmx9hi0y3jh61.jpg?width=512&format=pjpg&auto=…)

Today Magnetohydrodynamics has taken a different turn in thrusters, such as NASA's more popular Magneto-Plasmadynamic thrusters, which utilizes many noble gases that are fed in between the electrodes for a greater generation of thrust. Although there are still some researchers who follow the original groundwork of the Biefeld-Brown Effect, such as Dr. Subrata Roy's Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingless_Electromagnetic_Air_Vehicle).

Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle (https://preview.redd.it/veycme0e4jh61.png?width=944&format=png&auto=w…)

And just recently MIT's Ion-Propelled Airplane (https://news.mit.edu/2018/first-ionic-wind-plane-no-moving-parts-1121).



MIT Motorless Plane (https://preview.redd.it/iuepqqgm4jh61.jpg?width=900&format=pjpg&auto=…)

My interpretation of this propulsion uses the original Biefeld-Brown's asymmetrical cone-like capacitor method. However, we are going to combine modern ideas together to make it more complimentary.
Instead of just ionizing the air around the craft, we are also going to use magnetism to our advantage. A Type-2 Superconducting magnetic travel vehicle combined with ionic lift propulsion.

Before we begin, let's first watch This Video (https://youtu.be/OI_HFnNTfyU) about Electrodynamic Suspension (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension), as it does give a clear and concise understanding of how we can move forward within this explanation without much confusion.

Electricity and Magnetism are two sides of the same coin, of one phenomenon known as the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
One does not exist without the other.

Let's look at electromagnetic oscillations.
If the electrical power is traveling forward, it moves in a wave pattern, such as if it was going up and down.
At the same time, a magnetic wave pattern is created perpendicular to the electrical wave that moves from (right to left) side to side.
Both these waves together are called an Electromagnetic Wave.



https://preview.redd.it/4x7596uc5jh61.png?width=1512&format=png&auto=…

For example, if you had a metal rod (antenna) with electricity flowing through it, then you'd have a magnetic field moving around it from side to side.

Now we move on to two methods of electrical power, known as AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current).



AC & DC (https://preview.redd.it/2om63ln26jh61.png?width=1024&format=png&auto=…)

A battery has a DC (Direct Current) of power, which means the electrical direction can only move from the (+) plus sign to the (-) minus sign in one direction. It moves out from the plus sign, powering a device, and coming back to the minus sign to complete the connection to the battery.

An AC (Alternating Current) has the (+) and (-) signs constantly switching with each other, moving the electricity backward and forward from where it came, around 60 times a second.
Why do you ask?
Because when electric power shakes backward and forward, it creates an oscillation which produces a higher power of electricity.

Now, I'm going to simplify what I'm about to say next because it's not exactly how it works in science. But for you guys, I will explain it in an easier way for you to understand, so we don't get bogged down with confusion: A particle of electricity is known as an Electron. These Electrons can also carry other particles such as gas or liquids around them as the electricity moves in one direction to the other, like a train carrying cargo moving along the tracks.



Electrons carrying Air partcles from (+) to (-) (https://preview.redd.it/b4ns1gb76jh61.png?width=1200&format=png&auto=…)

For the flying saucer, we're going to be using DC (Direct Current) as our method of electrical travel, because we want to carry other particles around the Electrons in one straight path. We don't want to use AC (Alternating Current) because we don't want to have the Electrons carry anything else back in the opposite direction.

But wait a minute, we forgot to mention one last phenomenon that comes with using Direct Current. This is known as the Lorentz-Force (https://youtu.be/8QWB8IfNoIs). The Lorentz Force is the momentum of travel given to electrical current when magnetic waves are passing around them in a Direct Current. The Lorentz Force always moves at right angles from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. This acts as a thrust in a conductive medium (metals, gas, air, water, superconductor) in right angles to the direction.



Lorentz Force (https://preview.redd.it/l8ox7iwj6jh61.png?width=1024&format=png&auto=…)

The higher the voltage, the bigger the thrust. This is the same principle used today in Rail Guns (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railgun), except Rail Guns use a solid object (bullet) as the conductor to propel it in the direction of the Lorentz Force.



Railguns exhibiting Lorentz Force (https://i.redd.it/6nr6bqhp6jh61.gif)

Now let's talk about the Biefeld-Brown Effect.
This technique uses DC power from a Small Positive Electrode (+) sign Plate to a Big Negative Electrode (-) sign Plate, creating a cone-like shape of electrical travel.



https://preview.redd.it/rzr35tcy6jh61.png?width=434&format=png&auto=w…

What this does is ionize (burn) the Air particles around the Electrons from the direction of the plus (+) sign to the minus (-) sign creating a pushing thrust of air flowing in that direction. Such as an Air-powered Jet.
This of course can create lift if the shape of the craft is horizontally symmetrical, allowing the air to move around it freely, holding the object up using the Coanda Effect (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coand%C4%83_effect).

Let's talk a little about Magnetism, but first, let me just say that I'm always talking about Neodymium Magnets (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium_magnet) when discussing Magnets within this article.

Magnetism has two polarities, one is a North pole and the other is a South pole.
The North is attracted to the South (And the South is attracted to the North. Same thing.)
If you bring two North poles to face each other, they strongly repel, but if you bring two South poles to face each other, they weakly repel.
This is because both polarities have a strong pushing (North Pole) and pulling (South Pole) in a single direction forward.



North to South Poles (https://preview.redd.it/rluus4q97jh61.png?width=644&format=png&auto=w…)

What really is happening is that the South pole is so attracted to the North pole that it doesn't want to do anything other than be attracted to the North pole. And the North pole has such a tremendous amount of pushing power, that it can go through the South poles to push against another North pole.

What is a Halbach Array (https://youtu.be/pCON4zfMzjU?t=206)?
A Halbach Array is a circular set of magnets with each magnet facing its North and South sides in a certain direction to give an evenly distributed magnetic field around its circular radius. The arrows indicate which side North is facing horizontally, and the "N" and "S" show which side the magnetic poles are facing vertically.



Halbach Array (https://preview.redd.it/tnyv8p2g7jh61.jpg?width=1500&format=pjpg&auto…)

What about a Superconducting Material (https://youtu.be/X5EoUD-BIss)?
A Superconducting Material is a ceramic that when cooled to freezing cold temperatures, such as using liquid nitrogen, gains the benefits of having no electrical or magnetic resistance within a gap. It basically means that it allows magnetism and electricity to flow around it in a bigger area, shown as a gap in between the Superconducting Material and the Magnet. This is why you see the Superconducting Material floating above a Magnet within that gap of space in between. Because it increases it's electrical conductivity/reducing its resistivity to zero, thus increasing the size of its magnetic field.
The black material around the special Superconducting Material is just an oxide, but the inside is actually made out of metals, crystals, and ceramics.
Both electricity and magnetism can move freely with this gap of space.



Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide: Superconducting Material (https://preview.redd.it/mxxfmxer7jh61.jpg?width=600&format=pjpg&auto=…)

Now we move on to the Meissner Effect.

The Meissner Effect comes from Type-2 Superconductors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-II_superconductor) that are present in Superconducting Materials when freezing them to super cold temperatures, creating an area that you can pin the Superconducting Material in the space around the magnetic field of a magnet. Some parts of the Magnetic Field go through the material, while other parts of the Magnetic field go around the material, holding it in place like a fork, known as Flux Pinning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_pinning).

Meissner Effect: Flux Pinning (https://preview.redd.it/e0zklb1d8jh61.jpg?width=1006&format=pjpg&auto…)

This allows the Superconducting Material to float or levitate around the area.
If you just have a North side magnet facing in a vertical position to the Superconducting Material, it will be held in place, and can only be moved from you manually pinning the Superconductor in any height you want. This also works the same if you just have a vertical South side magnet facing it in one direction to the Superconducting Material. But if you have a North side facing magnet in a horizontal position with the South side beside it, then the Superconducting Material can travel along the magnetic field from North to South.

Of course, the North side of the magnets acts as a stronger repellant, which acts as a Hill, and the South side is the weak repellent, acting as a Well. So the Superconducting Material will always be want to be pushed from North to South, from the Hill to the Well.

So now, we can shape these Hills and Wells to create a stationary track for the Superconducting Material to move along a path, putting them in between two rows of North side facing up magnets, with one row of South side magnet facing up the magnets sandwiched in between the North side facing up magnets. Such as: Hill, Well, Hill, Well, giving it a magnetic wave function. This mechanism is most commonly used in MagLev trains, more specifically the Inductrack design of the MagLev mechanisms.

Hill, Well, Hill, Well (https://preview.redd.it/y76u8a4u8jh61.jpg?width=564&format=pjpg&auto=…)

We're focusing on the Inductrack method (https://preview.redd.it/hmgt8evz8jh61.png?width=594&format=png&auto=w…)

Now we move on to the Magnetic Locking Effect (https://youtu.be/V5FyFvgxUhE), discovered by a man named Hamdi Ucar. This effect demonstrates that if you take a horizontal facing magnet with North and South facing side to side (preferably a plate magnet) and you spin it against a vertical facing magnet with North facing up (preferably a sphere magnet) you can then achieve a repulsive magnetic effect that lifts the vertical magnet and locks its magnetic field in place as it spins in mid-air. This simulates a superconducting effect. The Magnetic Locking Effect works better around an Aluminium surface because Eddy Currents help stabilize the magnetic field around the magnet. Here is Hamdi Ucar's Research Paper (https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2009/2009.07082.pdf).

Now we combine everything together.

Let's make an Aluminium sheet metal shell and make a wide cone out of it, with the flat surface at the bottom, and the tip at the top.
This will act as our asymmetrical capacitor for the Biefeld-Brown effect.

Now let's make a sandwich. Inside the cone, near the flat bottom, we have a Halbach Array to simulate the Hamdi Ucar Magnetic Locking Effect, in the middle, we have a Type-2 Superconducting Material, and lastly, we have an Aluminium shell to take advantage of the asymmetrical capacitor of the Biefeld-Brown effect. We have to keep in mind that we have to force the Halbach Array, the Type-2 Superconducting Material, and the Aluminium Shell as close together in a sandwich as possible without making any contact with each other by bolting it in place from the center but keeping a rotary spin available. This will force the magnetic fields to be pushed to the outer shell underbelly of the Aluminium. Both the Halbach Array and Superconducting Material should also have a tiny gap in between the Aluminum as well to allow the Liquid Nitrogen to soak evenly around them.



https://preview.redd.it/c29sj14b9jh61.png?width=1606&format=png&auto=…

Now we fill the cone reservoir with Liquid Nitrogen, cooling the Type-2 Superconducting Material, making it gain the Meissner Effect, and have the Halbach Array spin on top of it. Then we turn on the high voltage DC to make use of the asymmetrical capacitor of the Biefeld-Brown effect. The positive electrode at the top will lead a current down to the bottom negative electrode.

Once the DC reaches the flat bottom, the Halbach Arrangement will create a Vortex of Magnetic Fields, which if we remember again, Electricity and Magnetism are two sides of the same coin, which means it would also create a Vortex of Electrical Fields, accelerating the Electrons of the Superconducting Meissner Effect in a uniform North and South magnetic field, which will create an extremely powerful upward thrust from both the Hamdi Ucar effect and MHD Air Ionization of the Biefield-Brown effect.

How this works is that the spin of the Halback Array creates a North and South Magnetic Wave (Hill, Well, Hill, Well) function through the Type-2 Superconducting Material, within the gap of the Meissner Effect, giving the outside Aluminium Surface a Hamdi Ucar effect, and with the help of the Eddy Currents of the Aluminium keeps the Magnetic Field stable around the area. The moving magnetic fields of the Halbach Array also accelerate the static electric current around the negative electrode, which supercharges the ionization process and creates a powerful thrust both electrically and magnetically.

This works mainly because of the Bose-Einstein Condensate (https://youtu.be/1agXOEVQmRo).

Atoms are usually scattered all over the place at hot and normal temperatures, but when you cool them to super freezing cold temperatures, the atoms clump together and act as a single wave. What this means is that it increases the size of the microscopic quantum effects to act on a larger scale of magnitude, known as the macroscopic scale, to the point where we can see the effects with the naked eye.

So just think about it. We have three different kinds of Magnetic Lift capabilities working together, all wrapped around the super freezing cold temperatures of the Bose-Einstein Condensate.
1. Neodymium Halbach Array
2. Type-2 Superconducting Material
3. Electromagnetic Suspension
\+
(Bonus) Magnetohydrodynamic Thruster

(Bonus) Coanda Effect Thruster

In conclusion, we have a very powerful magnetic and electric thruster working in tandem with each other, using a Halbach Array through a Type-2 Superconducting Material, acting as a moving Electrodynamic Suspension which accelerates the Electrons of the Aluminium underbelly, creating a Magnetohydrodynamic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_drive) and Electrohydrodynamic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydrodynamics) lift.

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